8th March - International Women's Day
The official UN Theme for this year Women's Day is "A promise is a promise: Time for action to end Violence against Women".
A Brief History of International Women's Day
The
idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the
century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion
and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies.
On
8 March 1857, women working in clothing and textile factories (called
'garment workers') in New York City, in the United States, staged a
protest. They were fighting against inhumane working conditions and low
wages. The police attacked the protestors and dispersed them. Two
years later, again in March, these women formed their first labour
union to try and protect themselves and gain some basic rights in the
workplace.
On
8 March 1908, 15,000 women marched through New York City demanding
shorter work hours, better pay, voting rights and an end to child
labour.
They
adopted the slogan "Bread and Roses", with bread symbolizing economic
security and roses a better quality of life. In May, the Socialist
Party of America designated the last Sunday in February for the
observance of National Women's Day.
Following
the declaration of the Socialist Party of America, the first ever
National Woman's Day was celebrated in the United States on 28
February 1909. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of
that month through 1913.
An
international conference, held by socialist organizations from around
the world, met in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1910. The conference of the
Socialist International proposed a Women's Day which was designed to
be international in character. The proposal initially came from Clara
Zetkin, a German socialist, who suggested an International Day to mark
the strike of garment workers in the United States. The proposal was
greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women
from 17 countries, including the first three women elected to the
parliament of Finland. The Day was established to honour the movement
for women's rights, including the right to vote (known as 'suffrage').
At that time no fixed date was selected for the observance.
The
declaration of the Socialist International had an impact. The
following year, 1911, International Women's Day was marked for the
first time in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. The date was
March 19 and over a million men and women took to the streets in a
series of rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public
office, they demanded the right to work and an end to discrimination
on the job.
Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire
in New York City took place. Over 140 workers, mostly young Italian
and Jewish immigrant girls working at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company,
lost their lives because of the lack of safety measures. The Women's
Trade Union League and the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union
led many of the protests against this avoidable tragedy, including the
silent funeral march which brought together a crowd of over 100,000
people. The Triangle Fire had a significant impact on labour
legislation and the horrible working conditions leading up to the
disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International
Women's Day.
As
part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian
women observed their first International Women's Day on the last
Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of
the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to
express solidarity with their sisters.
With
2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose
the last Sunday in February 1917 to strike for "bread and peace".
Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went
on anyway.
The
rest is history: Four days later the Czar of Russia was forced to
abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote.
That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then
in use in Russia, but coincided with 8 March on the Gregorian calendar
used by people elsewhere.
Since
those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global
dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike.
In
December 1977 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution
proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women's Rights and International
Peace. Four global United Nations women's conferences have helped make
the demand for women's rights and participation in the political and
economic process a growing reality.
In
1975 the UN drew global attention to women's concerns by calling for
an International Women's year and convening the first conference on
women in Mexico City. Another convention was held in Copenhagen,
Denmark in 1980.
In
1985, the UN convened a third conference on women in Nairobi, Kenya,
to look at what had been achieved at the end of the decade.
In
1995, Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women.
Representatives from 189 different countries agreed that inequalities
between women and men has serious consequences for the well-being of all
people. The conference declared a set of goals for progress of women
in various areas including politics, health, and education. The final
document issued by the conference (called the "Platform for Action")
had this to say: "The advancement of women and the achievement of
equality between women and men are a matter of human rights and a
condition for social justice and should not be seen in isolation as a
women's issue."
Five
years later, in a 23rd special session of the United Nations General
Assembly, "Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the
21st Century" reviewed the progress the world has made towards
achieving the goals set out by the Beijing conference. This conference
has come to be known as the "Beijing +5" conference. Delegates found
both progress and perservering obstacles. The delegates made further
agreements to continue carrying out the initiatives of the 1995 women's
conference.
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